INGREDIENTS &
nutritional info
We work with experts such as Hannah Nahorniak who is a Registered Dietician and Jayant Khalankor who has decades of experience in product innovation to formulate SpanUp. SpanUp has been formulated to make a difference that you can feel.
- Optimally Dosed - All ingredients have at least 100% of the daily recommended amounts and the dosage is based on the latest research and literature. Not all supplement brands do this!
- Utilises highly bio available forms - Wherever possible we use the highest bioavailable ingredients. Choosing the right ingredients can increase absorption in the body by at least 100% in some cases. Click here to learn more
- Innovative capsule technology - We package this up in a convenient, delayed release capsule which helps get the nutrients to where they need to be in your body. and you can take it any time of the day, with or without food.
* Nutrient Reference Value
** No NRV established
| Ingredient | Per serving | % NRV* |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D3 | 15µg | 300% |
| Vitamin E | 12mg α-TE | 100% |
| Vitamin K2 | 110µg | 147% |
| Vitamin C | 80mg | 100% |
| Thiamine (B1) | 2.2mg | 200% |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 1.4mg | 100% |
| Niacin (B3) | 20mg NE | 125% |
| Vitamin B6 | 6mg | 429% |
| Folic Acid | 700µg | 350% |
| Vitamin B12 | 25µg | 1000% |
| Biotin | 60µg | 120% |
| Pantothenic Acid (B5) | 6mg | 100% |
| Zinc | 15mg | 150% |
| Manganese | 2.3mg | 115% |
| Selenium | 60µg | 109% |
| Chromium | 40µg | 100% |
| Iodine | 150µg | 100% |
| Omega-3 Oil | 500mg | ** |
| - Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) | 250mg | ** |
| - Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) | 100mg | ** |
| Ashwagandha Extract | 120mg | ** |
| CoEnzyme Q10 | 80mg | ** |
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VITAMIN B1
Supports mental performance and energy levels by contributing to normal psychological function, energy metabolism, and the healthy functioning of the nervous system.
Food sources: Thiamine is found within wholegrains, meat, and fish. Flour in the UK is fortified with Thiamine, as are some breakfast cereals.
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
Thornalley PJ et al. (2007) High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease, Diabetologia, 50:2164-2170.
Marrs CL. (2021) Hiding in Plain Sight: Modern Thiamine Deficiency, Cells, 29;10(10):2595 doi:10.3390/cells10102595.
Shepherd SJ. (2013) Nutritional inadequacies of the gluten-free diet in both recently-diagnosed and long-term patients with coeliac disease, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 26; 349-358.
Vudhivai N et al. (1991) Vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of vegetarians, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, vol. 74, pp. 465-470.
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VITAMIN B2
Helps maintain healthy skin, supports energy production, and contributes to the normal function of the nervous system and psychological performance.
Food sources: Foods that are rich in riboflavin include dairy products, eggs, meat, kidney and liver, green leafy vegetables and fortified foods.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Riboflavin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/#en1.
Ross AC et al. (2012) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 11th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:325-30.
Rivlin RS. (2010) Riboflavin. In: Coates PM, et al., eds. Encyclopaedia of Dietary Supplements. 2nd ed. London and New York: Informa Healthcare. 691-9.
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VITAMIN B3
Supports mental performance and helps reduce tiredness and fatigue, while contributing to the maintenance of healthy skin and normal psychological function.
Food sources: Niacin is found in many foods, both from animals and plants. Including red meat (beef, liver, pork), poultry, fish, brown rice, fortified breakfast cereals, nuts and seeds, legumes and bananas.
A key
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/#h8.
Tian S et al. (2023) Dietary niacin intake in relation to depression among adults: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 23;678. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05188-8.
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STUDIES ON THIS INGREDIENT
VITAMIN B5
Supports normal mental performance, helps reduce tiredness and fatigue, and contributes to energy production through normal energy-yielding metabolism.
Food sources: Pantothenic acid is naturally present in nearly all foods and is also fortified in some breakfast cereals. Good sources include beef, seafood, and offal, eggs, milk, vegetables such as mushrooms, avocados, potatoes, and broccoli, wholegrains including whole wheat, brown rice and oats, peanuts, sunflower seed and chickpeas.
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021) Pantothenic Acid, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional
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STUDIES ON THIS INGREDIENT
VITAMIN B6
Supports psychological function and contributes to the normal functioning of the immune and nervous systems.
Food sources: Vitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods. The richest sources include fish, beef, offal, potatoes and fruit (other than citrus).
Vitamin B6 supports mood, memory, and psychological function by helping produce key neurotransmitters and reducing homocysteine levels—linked to cognitive decline. SpanUp provides a dose similar to high-quality dietary intake, staying within safe limits while supporting optimal mental and neurological function.
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023) Vitamin B6 Fact sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/#h7.
EFSA. (2023) Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6, EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), 21(5): 8006.
Olaso-Gonzalez G et al. (2022) Impact of supplementation with vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid on the reduction of homocysteine levels in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. IUBMB Life, 74;74-84.
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Biotin
Supports healthy skin and hair, and contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system.
Food sources: Biotin is found in many foods including offal, eggs, fish, meat, seeds, nuts and certain vegetables such as sweet potatoes.
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Biotin Fact sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional.
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Folic Acid
Supports normal psychological function, contributes to healthy immune system activity, and plays a role in normal blood formation.
Food sources: Folate is found in a wide variety of food, especially good sources include dark green leafy vegetables, fruits and fruit juices, nuts, beans, peas, seafood, eggs, dairy products, meat, poultry and grains.
Despite many meeting recommended intakes, 1 in 10 UK adults still show folate deficiency. Folate helps regulate homocysteine levels—linked to heart and brain health—and supports DNA repair. SpanUp includes a dosage aligned with the latest research, to help protect cardiovascular, cognitive, and cellular health.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Vitamin B9 Health Professionals Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/.
National Health Service. (2022) Folic acid. https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/folic-acid/.
Derbyshire E. (2018) Micronutrient Intakes of British Adults Across Mid Life: A Secondary analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5:55. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00055.
Fenech M et al. (1998) Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults. Carcinogenesis. 19(7):1163-71. doi: 10.1093/carcin/19.7.1163.
Carboni L. (2022) Active Folate Versus Folic Acid: The Role of 5-MTHF (Methylfolate) in Human Health. Integr Med (Encinitas). 21(3):36-41.
Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. (2014) Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Curr Drug Metab, 15(1):61–73.
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STUDIES ON THIS INGREDIENT
VITAMIN B12
Helps reduce tiredness and fatigue, supports the normal formation of red blood cells, and contributes to the healthy functioning of the nervous system.
Food sources: Vitamin B12 is present in meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy products. It is also commonly fortified in breakfast cereals and fortified nutritional yeasts.
B12 is essential for psychological function, nerve, and red blood cell health, and helps lower homocysteine—linked to heart disease and cognitive decline. Many people struggle to absorb B12 from food, especially vegans, older adults, and those on common medications like metformin or antacids. SpanUp uses a bioavailable form at a dose designed to overcome absorption challenges and support long-term brain and cardiovascular health.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2024) Vitamin B12 Health Professionals Fact Sheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/.
Langan RC, and Goodbred AJ. (2017) Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management. Am Fam Physician. 15;96(6):384-389.
Li S et al. (2021) The preventive efficacy of vitamin B supplements on the cognitive decline of elderly adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics. 21(1):367.
Ni J et al. (2012) A decreased micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes after folate and vitamin B12 intervention: a preliminary study in a Yunnan population. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 82(6):374-82.
Paul C, Brady DM. (2017) Comparative Bioavailability and Utilization of Particular Forms of B12 Supplements With Potential to Mitigate B12-related Genetic Polymorphisms. Integr Med (Encinitas). 16(1):42-49.
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STUDIES ON THIS INGREDIENT
VITAMIN C
Supports immune health and collagen formation for the normal function of bones, cartilage, skin, and teeth. It also helps increase iron absorption and contributes to the normal function of bones, cartilage, skin, teeth and immune system.
Food sources: Fruits and vegetables are the best sources of Vitamin C, it is also sometimes fortified in breakfast cereals.
KEY REFERENCES
Lykstad J, Sharma S. (2023) Biochemistry, Water Soluble Vitamins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID: 30860745.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021) Vitamin C Health Professionals Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/.
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STUDIES ON THIS INGREDIENT
VITAMIN D3
Supports strong bones, normal muscle function, and the healthy functioning of the immune system.
Most people don’t get enough Vitamin D from diet or sunlight—especially in the UK. SpanUp includes a dosage aligned with UK guidance, to help maintain healthy levels year-round without exceeding safe limits.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023) Fact sheet for Health Professional Vitamin D. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/#h9.
Eyles DW, et al. (2013) Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 34(1):47-64.
Fernandes de Abreu DA, and Eyles E. (2009) Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34;(S)1;S265-77.
Chen S et al. (2007) Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol. 1;179(3):1634-47.
Ma Y et al. (2016) Mechanistic Insights of Vitamin D Anticancer Effects. Vitam Horm. 100:395-431.
Chen L et al. (2019) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D exerts an antiaging role by activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signalling and inactivation of p16/p53-senescence signalling. Aging Cell. 18(3):e12951.
Enkhjargal B et al. (2019) Vitamin D attenuates cerebral artery remodeling through VDR/AMPK/eNOS dimer phosphorylation pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 39(2):272-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X17726287
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VITAMIN E
Helps protect cells from oxidative stress, supporting overall cellular health.
Food sources: Vitamin E is naturally found in avocados, olives, vegetable oils and almonds.
Vitamin E contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
KEY REFERENCES
Nault D. (2023) Vitamin E. Examine. https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-e/.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021) Vitamin E Health Professionals Fact sheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/#h8.
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VITAMIN K
Supports normal blood clotting and helps maintain healthy bones.
Food sources: Vitamin K can be found naturally in dark green vegetables, matcha tea, natto (a type of fermented soybeans), and various animal products.
Vitamin K supports healthy blood clotting, helps direct calcium to the bones and plays a role in maintaining bone density. SpanUp provides a safe, effective dose aligned with NRV levels to support cardiovascular and bone health.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021) Vitamin K Health Professionals Fact sheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/.
Mladěnka P et al. (2022). Vitamin K – sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutrition Reviews, 80(4):677–698.
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ZINC
Supports normal testosterone levels in the blood, contributes to cognitive function, and helps maintain healthy skin, hair, nails, and bones.
Food sources: Good sources of Zinc include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products and seafood. Beans, nuts, and whole grains contain zinc, but the bioavailability of zinc from these foods is lower than that from animal foods because these foods contain phytates, which bind zinc and reduce absorption.
Zinc is essential for normal testosterone levels, strong bones, joint health, and cognitive function—especially as we age. UK research shows many men fall short of the recommended intake. SpanUp includes a targeted dose to support hormonal health, brain performance, and bone strength where it’s often most needed.
KEY REFERENCES
Vallee FK and Vallee BL. (1993) The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiol Rev 71(1):79-118.
Rink L. (2000) Zinc and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc 59(04):541–552.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Zinc Health Professionals Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/#h8.
Derbyshire E. (2018) Micronutrient Intakes of British Adults Across Mid-Life: A Secondary Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Front Nutr. 5:55.
Te L et al. (2023) Correlation between serum zinc and testosterone: A systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 76:127124.
Ceylan M et al. (2021) Is Zinc an Important Trace Element on Bone-Related Diseases and Complications? A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 199(2):535-549.
Sun R et al. (2022) Zinc in Cognitive Impairment and Aging. Biomolecules, 12(7):1000.
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SELENIUM
Supports normal thyroid function and helps protect cells from oxidative stress.
Food sources: Brazil nuts, seafoods, and organ meats are the richest food sources of selenium. Other sources include meat, cereals and grains, and dairy products. Selenium content in plants varies widely by soil quality and growing conditions.
KEY REFERENCES
Sunde RA. (2012) Selenium. In: Ross AC, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 11th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 225-237.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplement. (2021) Selenium Health Professionals Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/#h7.
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IODINE
Supports normal cognitive function and energy production and contributes to the normal production of thyroid hormones and healthy thyroid function.
Food sources: Seaweed (kelp, nori, kombu, wakame) is one of the best sources of iodine. Other good sources include fish, seafood, eggs and dairy products. Plant foods generally contain low iodine, depending on soil content and farming practices.
KEY REFERENCES
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222310/doi: 10.17226/10026
Iodine Global Network. (2024) Leading global action to eliminate brain damage due to iodine deficiency. https://ign.org.
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023) Iodine Health Professional Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/#h21.
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MANGANESE
Contributes to the maintenance of healthy bones and helps protect cells from oxidative stress.
Food sources: Whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas are rich in manganese.
KEY REFERENCES
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academies Press (US).
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021) Manganese Health Professional Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/.
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CHROMIUM
Supports normal macronutrient metabolism and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Food sources: Meat, whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, and spices are dietary sources of chromium. Its levels can vary depending on soil and food processing methods.
KEY REFERENCES
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academies Press (US). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222310/doi: 10.17226/10026
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2022) Chromium Health Professional Factsheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/.
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COENZYME Q10
A naturally occurring compound found in the body, especially in the heart, muscles, and liver. It plays a key role in cellular energy production.
Food sources: The main sources of Co-enzyme Q10 are meat, fish, and dairy products.
Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring compound found in the body, especially in the heart, muscles, and liver. It plays a role in cellular energy production and antioxidant defence. SpanUp includes an evidence-based dose to support mitochondrial function and antioxidant defence where it matters most.
KEY REFERENCES
Sood B et al. (2025) Coenzyme Q10. [Updated 2024 Jan 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531491
Cirilli I et al. (2021) Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Health and Disease: An Update on the Last 10 Years (2010–2020),” Antioxidants. 23;10(8):1325. doi: 10.3390/antiox10081325
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ASHWAGANDHA
A traditional adaptogenic herb used for centuries in Ayurvedic practices. Known for its role in supporting the body during periods of emotional, physical, and mental stress.
Food sources: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a root traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, not typically consumed as a food.
Ashwagandha is a traditional adaptogen used for centuries in Ayurvedic practices. SpanUp includes a clinically studied extract (Shoden®) to support physical and mental resilience during times of stress.. In a controlled 16-week trial, daily supplementation led to measurable hormonal improvements. SpanUp uses a standardized dose of Shoden® extract to support energy, and vitality.
KEY REFERENCES
Chandrasekhar K et al. (2012) A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 34(3):255–262.
Arjuna Natural, “Shoden Ashwagandha,” [Online]. Available: https://arjunanatural.com/shoden-ashwagandha/.
Lopresti AL et al. (2019) An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 98(37):e17186.
Mishra DN and Kumar M. (2024) Shoden promotes Relief from stress and anxiety: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on healthy subjects with high stress levels, Heliyon 10(17):2024:e36885, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36885
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ALGAE BASED OMEGA 3 OIL
Sustainably sourced omega-3 oil rich in DHA and EPA. DHA contributes to the maintenance of normal brain function and vision, while both DHA and EPA support normal heart function.
Food sources: Omega 3 fatty acids can be found in some plant oils, including flaxseed, soybean, canola and chia seeds. They can also be found in cold water oily fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, herring and sardines.
KEY REFERENCES
NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023) “Omega 3 Fatty Acids Health Professionals Factsheet,” 15 February 2023. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids- HealthProfessional/#h3.
Harris WS. (2010) “Omega-3 fatty acids.,” in Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements 2nd Edition, London and New York, Informa Healthcare, 577- 86.
Derbyshire E. (2019) “Oily Fish and Omega-3s Across the Life Stages: A Focus on Intakes and Future Directions,” Frontiers in Nutrition 6:165 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00165
Djoussé L et al. (2012) Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr31(6):846-53. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.010. PMID: 22682084; PMCID: PMC3509256.
Elagizi A et al. (2021) An Update on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients. 12;13(1):204. doi: 10.3390/nu13010204. PMID: 33445534; PMCID: PMC7827286.
11. Paul, C., Brady, D.M. (2017) Comparative Bioavailability and Utilization of Particular Forms of B12 Supplements With Potential to Mitigate B₁₂-related Genetic Polymorphisms. Integr Med (Encinitas). 16[6]:42-49. PMID: 28223907; PMCID: PMC5312744.
12. Carboni, L. (2022) Active Folate Versus Folic Acid: The Role of 5-MTHF (Methylfolate) in Human Health. Integr Med (Encinitas). 21[3]:36-41. PMID: 35999905; PMCID: PMC9380836.
13. Scaglione, F., Panzavolta, G. (2014). Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Curr Drug Metab, 15[1]:61–73.
14. Lönnerdal, B. (2000). Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. Journal of Nutrition, 130[5]:1378S–1383S.
15. Armas, L.A. et al. (2004). Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89[11]: 5387–5391. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0360
16. Schuchardt,J.P., Hahn, A. (2013) Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013 89[1]:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.010. PMID: 23676322.
17. Mladěnka, P. et al, (2022). Vitamin K – sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity, Nutrition Reviews, 80[4]:677–698, https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab061